Wednesday, November 23, 2011

List of best-selling singles worldwide

The List of best-selling singles worldwide includes songs that have sold more than five million copies as a single, as published by reliable sources.

According to Guinness World Records, the holiday perennial "White Christmas" (1942) by Bing Crosby is the best-selling single worldwide, with estimated sales of over 50 million copies. The song recognized as "the best-selling single of all time" was released before the pop/rock singles-chart era and "was listed as the world's best-selling single in the first-ever Guinness Book of Records (published in 1955) and— remarkably — still retains the title more than 50 years later." Guinness World Records states that double A-side charity single "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" (1997) by Elton John, a tribute to the late Diana, Princess of Wales, is "the biggest-selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s, having accumulated worldwide sales of 33 million copies," making it the second best-selling single of all time.

Best-selling singles

Artist Single Released Genre Sales
(in millions)

1910 Fruitgum Company "Simon Says" 1968 Pop 5
ABBA "Fernando" 1976 Pop 10
ABBA "Waterloo" 1974 Pop 5
Adele "Rolling in the Deep" 2011 Soul 7
Alicia Keys "No One" 2007 R&B, Soul 5.6
Andrea Bocelli "Con te partirò" 1997 Pop 7
The Animals "The House of the Rising Sun" 1964 Rock 5
The Archies "Sugar, Sugar" 1969 Pop 6
Avril Lavigne "Girlfriend" 2007 Pop punk 7.3
Baccara "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" 1977 Pop 18
The Beatles "Can't Buy Me Love" 1964 Rock 7
The Beatles "Hey Jude" 1968 Rock 8
The Beatles "She Loves You" 1963 Rock 5
The Beatles "I Want to Hold Your Hand" 1964 Rock 12
Bee Gees "Massachusetts" 1967 Pop 5
Beyoncé "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" 2008 R&B 5.9
Biddu and Carl Douglas "Kung Fu Fighting" 1974 Disco 11
Bill Haley & His Comets "Rock Around the Clock" 1954 Rock & Roll 25
Bing Crosby "White Christmas" 1942 Christmas 50
Bing Crosby "Silent Night" 1935 Christmas 30
The Black Eyed Peas "Boom Boom Pow" 2009 Hip hop 8.5
The Black Eyed Peas "I Gotta Feeling" 2009 Dance 13.2
Britney Spears "...Baby One More Time" 1998 Pop 9
Britney Spears "Toxic" 2004 Pop 6.5
Britney Spears "Womanizer" 2008 Electropop 6.5
Britney Spears "Circus" 2008 Pop 5.5
Brotherhood of Man "Save Your Kisses for Me" 1976 Pop 6
Bryan Adams "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" 1991 Rock 10
Cee Lo Green "Fuck You" 2010 Pop 5
Celine Dion "My Heart Will Go On" 1998 Pop 15
Cher "Believe" 1998 Pop, Dance 10
The Chipmunks "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)" 1958 Children, Pop 5.5
Danyel Gérard "Butterfly" 1971 Pop 7
Dawn "Knock Three Times" 1971 Pop 6.5
Dawn featuring Tony Orlando "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" 1973 Pop 6
Donny Osmond "Puppy Love" 1971 Pop 5
Elton John "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" 1997 Pop 33
Elvis Presley "Hound Dog" 1956 Rock & Roll 9
Elvis Presley "Surrender" 1961 Rock 5
Eminem featuring Rihanna "Love the Way You Lie" 2010 Hip hop 9.3
Engelbert Humperdinck "Release Me" 1967 Pop 5
Enrique Iglesias "Hero" 2001 Pop 8
Enrique Iglesias featuring Pitbull "I Like It" 2010 Electropop 5
Flo Rida "Low" 2007 Hip hop 8
Gene Austin "My Blue Heaven" 1927 Pop 5
Gene Autry "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" 1949 Pop 18
Gene Autry "That Silver-Haired Daddy Of Mine" 1939 Pop 5
George McCrae "Rock Your Baby" 1974 Disco 11
George Michael "Careless Whisper" 1984 Pop 6
Georgie Fame "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" 1968 Pop 7.5
Harry Simeone Chorale "The Little Drummer Boy" 1958 Pop 6
The Ink Spots "If I Didn't Care" 1939 Doo-wop 19
The Jackson 5 "I Want You Back" 1969 R&B 6
The Jackson 5 "I'll Be There" 1970 Pop 6
Janet Jackson "Together Again" 1997 Pop 6
Jason Mraz "I'm Yours" 2008 Pop, Folk rock 8.1
Jay Sean featuring Lil Wayne "Down" 2009 R&B, Dance 6
Jeannie C. Riley "Harper Valley PTA" 1968 Pop, Country 5.5
Julie Rogers "The Wedding" 1964 Pop 7
Kanye West "Heartless" 2008 Pop 5.5
Katy Perry "I Kissed a Girl" 2008 Pop 8.4
Katy Perry "Hot n Cold" 2008 Pop 5
Katy Perry "California Gurls" 2010 Pop 6.7
Katy Perry " Firework" 2010 Pop 5
Kenny Rogers "Lady" 1980 Country 16
Kesha "TiK ToK" 2009 Electropop 12.8
Kyu Sakamoto "Sukiyaki" 1961 Pop 13
Lady Antebellum "Need You Now" 2009 Country pop 5
Lady Gaga "Poker Face" 2009 Dance-pop, Electropop 9.8
Lady Gaga "Bad Romance" 2009 Dance-pop, Electropop 9.7
Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis "Just Dance" 2009 Dance-pop, Electropop 7.7
Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé "Telephone" 2010 Dance-pop, Electropop 7.4
Leona Lewis "Bleeding Love" 2008 Pop 7.7
Lil Wayne "Lollipop" 2008 Rap 9.1
Madonna "Like a Prayer" 1989 Gospel, Pop rock 5
Madonna "Vogue" 1990 Dance-pop, House, Disco 6
Mahalia Jackson "Move On Up a Little Higher" 1948 Gospel 8
Mary Hopkin "Those Were the Days" 1968 Pop 8
Middle of the Road "Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep" 1971 Pop 10
Mills Brothers "Paper Doll" 1943 Country 11
Mitch Miller "March from Bridge On The River Kwai" 1957 March 5
Modern Talking "You're My Heart, You're My Soul" 1984 Synthpop 8
The Monkees "I'm a Believer" 1966 Pop 10
The Monkees "Daydream Believer" 1967 Pop rock 5
Mungo Jerry "In the Summertime" 1970 Pop 6
Neil Diamond "Cracklin' Rosie" 1970 Pop 6
The New Seekers "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" 1971 Pop/Folk 6
Nini Rosso "Il Silenzio" 1965 Pop 5
Nirvana "Smells Like Teen Spirit" 1991 Grunge 8
The Partridge Family "I Think I Love You" 1970 Pop 5
Paul Anka "Diana" 1957 Pop 20
Procol Harum "A Whiter Shade of Pale" 1967 Progressive Rock 10
Rihanna featuring Jay-Z "Umbrella" 2007 R&B 6.6
Roger Whittaker "The Last Farewell" 1975 Pop 11
Roy Acuff "Wabash Cannonball" 1942 Country 10
Scorpions "Wind of Change" 1991 Hard Rock 14
Scott McKenzie "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" 1967 Pop 7
Shakira "Whenever, Wherever" 2001 Latin Pop 8.5
Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean "Hips Don't Lie" 2006 Latin Pop 10
Shocking Blue "Venus" 1969 Pop 8
Shop Boyz "Party Like a Rock Star" 2007 Pop 5.2
Simon & Garfunkel "Bridge Over Troubled Water" 1970 Pop 6
Soulja Boy Tell 'Em "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" 2007 Southern rap 5.2
Soulja Boy Tell 'Em "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" 2007 Southern rap 5.7
Spice Girls "Wannabe" 1996 Pop 6
Staff Sergeant Barry Sadler "Ballad of the Green Berets" 1966 Pop 5
T-Pain "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')" 2007 Snap & B 5.9
T.I. "Whatever You Like" 2008 Hip Hop, Pop 5.6
Taio Cruz "Dynamite" 2010 R&B 5.6
Taylor Swift "Love Story" 2008 Country, Pop 6.5
Terry Jacks "Seasons in the Sun" 1974 Pop 11.5
Thelma Aoyama "Soba ni Iru ne" 2008 Pop 8.2
Three Dog Night "Joy to the World" 1971 Rock 5
Timbaland featuring OneRepublic "Apologize" 2008 Pop 6.2
Tino Rossi "Petit Papa Noël" 1946 Christmas 5.7
Tom Jones "Delilah" 1968 Pop 5
The Tornados "Telstar" 1962 Pop 5
Train "Hey, Soul Sister" 2009 Pop 6.6
USA for Africa "We Are the World" 1985 Pop 20
Usher featuring will.i.am "OMG" 2010 R&B, Soul 6.9
Utada Hikaru "Flavor of Life" 2007 Pop 8
Vernon Dalhart "The Prisoner's Song" 1924 Country 7
Village People "Y.M.C.A." 1978 Pop, Disco 12
Whitney Houston "I Will Always Love You" 1992 R&B 12
Wings "Mull of Kintyre" 1977 Rock 6

Legend

Colors

Studio Albums

Greatest Hits & Compilations

Soundtracks
Groupings are based on different sales benchmarks, the highest being for claims of at least 40 million copies, and the lowest being for claims of 20–29 million copies. Albums are listed in order of number of copies sold and thereafter by the artist's first name.

40 million copies or more

Artist Album Released Genre Sales (millions)
Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Pop / Rock / R&B 110
AC/DC Back in Black 1980 Hard rock / Heavy metal 49
Pink Floyd The Dark Side of the Moon 1973 Progressive rock 45
Whitney Houston / Various artists The Bodyguard 1992 Soundtrack 44
Meat Loaf Bat Out of Hell 1977 Rock 43
Eagles Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) 1976 Rock 42
Various artists Dirty Dancing 1987 Soundtrack 42
Backstreet Boys Millennium 1999 Pop 40
Bee Gees / Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Soundtrack 40
Fleetwood Mac Rumours 1977 Rock 40
Shania Twain Come On Over 1997 Country / Pop 40

30–39 million copies

Artist Album Released Genre Sales (millions)
Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin IV 1971 Hard rock / Heavy metal 37
Alanis Morissette Jagged Little Pill 1995 Rock 33
The Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 1967 Rock 32
Celine Dion Falling into You 1996 Pop 32
Mariah Carey Music Box 1993 Pop / R&B 32
Michael Jackson Dangerous 1991 Pop / Rock 32
The Beatles 1 2000 Rock 31
Celine Dion Let's Talk About Love 1997 Pop 31
Bee Gees Spirits Having Flown 1979 Disco / Pop 30
Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Rock 30
Dire Straits Brothers in Arms 1985 Rock 30
James Horner Titanic 1997 Soundtrack 30
Madonna The Immaculate Collection 1990 Pop / Dance 30
Michael Jackson Bad 1987 Pop / Rock 30
Pink Floyd The Wall 1979 Progressive rock 30
Nirvana Nevermind 1991 Grunge / Alternative rock 30

20–29 million copies

Artist Album Released Genre Sales (millions)
ABBA ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits 1992 Pop 28
Backstreet Boys Backstreet's Back 1997 Pop 28
Bon Jovi Slippery When Wet 1986 Hard rock 28
Guns N' Roses Appetite for Destruction 1987 Hard rock / Heavy metal 28
Various artists Grease 1978 Soundtrack 28
Santana Supernatural 1999 Rock 27
Britney Spears ...Baby One More Time 1999 Pop 26
Carole King Tapestry 1971 Pop 25
Iron Butterfly In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida 1968 Psychedelic rock 25
Mariah Carey Daydream 1995 Pop / R&B 25
Queen Greatest Hits 1981 Rock 25
Simon & Garfunkel Bridge over Troubled Water 1970 Folk Rock 25
U2 The Joshua Tree 1987 Rock 25
Whitney Houston Whitney Houston 1985 Pop / R&B 25
Backstreet Boys Black & Blue 2000 Pop 24
Linkin Park Hybrid Theory 2000 Nu metal / Rap metal / Alternative rock 24
Madonna True Blue 1986 Pop 24
Ace of Base Happy Nation/The Sign 1993 Pop 23
Spice Girls Spice 1996 Pop 23
Metallica Metallica 1991 Heavy metal 22
Oasis (What's the Story) Morning Glory? 1995 Britpop / Rock 22
Dido No Angel 1999 Pop 21
Madonna Like a Virgin 1984 Pop / Dance 21
Billy Ray Cyrus Some Gave All 1992 Country 20
Bob Marley & The Wailers Legend: The Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers 1984 Reggae 20
Blondie Parallel Lines 1978 Rock 20
Bon Jovi Cross Road 1994 Rock 20
Britney Spears Oops!... I Did It Again 2000 Pop 20
Céline Dion The Colour of My Love 1993 Pop 20
Cher Believe 1999 Pop 20
Def Leppard Hysteria 1987 Hard rock 20
Janet Jackson janet. 1993 Pop / R&B 20
Madonna Ray of Light 1998 Pop / Electronic 20
Michael Jackson HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I 1995 Pop / Rock / R&B 20
Michael Jackson Off the Wall 1979 Soul / Disco / R&B 20
Norah Jones Come Away with Me 2002 Jazz 20
Prince & The Revolution Purple Rain 1984 Soundtrack 20
Spice Girls Spiceworld 1997 Pop 20
Tina Turner Private Dancer 1984 Rock 20
Usher Confessions 2004 R&B 20

List of best-selling albums

This is a list of the world's best-selling albums. The criteria are that the figure must have been published by a reliable source and the album must have sold at least 20 million copies worldwide. Most albums have conflicting estimates of sales figures. In this list the highest sales figure reported for an album is added to the list. This list can contain any type of album, including studio, greatest hits, compilation, various artists, soundtrack and remix.

A number of issues make exact figures difficult to calculate, as historical data before the 1980s and from developing countries is incomplete. Additionally, fans, record companies and the media are prone to exaggerating sales figures to boost the image of the relevant act. The figures given do not take into account the resale of used albums. The list takes no account of any kind of copyright infringing activity such as home taping or the emergence of illegal downloading of digital music in the 2000s or of pirate sales of copied discs.
Michael Jackson's Thriller tops the list, estimated to have sold 110 million copies worldwide.

List of best-selling music artists in the United States

This is the list of the top 100 best-selling music artists in the United States only based on certifications of albums by the RIAA. (The list may contain more than 100, when the final slot is a tie.)
The RIAA does not deal in sales of albums, only certifications of shipped units. Therefore this best-selling list is based on total accumulated certifications given per artist and may not reflect the true physical sales obtained by these artists.

The RIAA began its certifications in 1958. This list; therefore, excludes artists like Bing Crosby whose sales in the 1930s-1950s were not certified. The list also excludes certifications of albums recorded by artists in collaboration with others as part of a singular artist or group's total.
Number Name Nationality Years Active Genre Certification
in millions
1 The Beatles UK 60s-70s Pop / Rock 177
2 Elvis Presley U.S. 50s-70s Rock and roll / Pop / Country / Gospel 133.5
3 Garth Brooks U.S. 80s-10s Country 128
4 Led Zeppelin UK 60s-80s Hard rock / Heavy Metal / Blues rock / Folk rock 111.5
5 Eagles U.S. 70s-10s Rock / Country rock 100
6 Billy Joel U.S. 60s-00s Rock 79.5
7 Pink Floyd UK 60s-90s Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock / Space rock 74.5
8 Elton John UK 60s-10s Pop / Rock 72
9 Barbra Streisand U.S. 60s-10s Pop 71.5
10 AC/DC Australia 70s-10s Hard rock 71
11 Michael Jackson U.S. 70s-00s Pop / R&B / Rock 70.5
12 George Strait U.S. 80s-10s Country 68.5
13 Aerosmith U.S. 70s-10s Hard rock / Heavy Metal / Blues rock 66.5
14 The Rolling Stones UK 60s-10s Rock / Blues rock 66
15 Bruce Springsteen U.S. 70s-10s Rock / Folk 64.5
16 Madonna U.S. 80s-10s Pop / Dance 64
17 Mariah Carey U.S. 90s-10s R&B / Pop / Hip-Hop 63.5
18 Metallica U.S. 80s-10s Heavy metal 60
19 Van Halen U.S. 70s-10s Hard rock 56.5
20 Whitney Houston U.S. 80s-10s R&B/Pop 55
21 U2 Ireland 70s-10s Rock 51.5
22 Kenny Rogers U.S. 50s-00s Pop / Rock / Country 51
23 Celine Dion Canada 80s-10s Pop 50
24 Fleetwood Mac UK/U.S. 60s-00s Rock 48.5
Neil Diamond U.S. 60s-10s Pop 48.5
26 Shania Twain Canada 90s-10s Pop country 48
Kenny G U.S. 80s-10s Smooth Jazz 48
28 Journey U.S. 70s-10s Pop / Rock 47
29 Alabama U.S. 70s-10s Country rock 46
30 Guns N' Roses U.S. 80s-10s Hard rock / Heavy Metal 44.5
31 Santana Mexico/U.S. 60s-10s Latin / Rock 43.5
Alan Jackson U.S. 80s-10s Country 43.5
33 Eric Clapton UK 60s-10s Blues / Blues rock / Rock 42.5
34 Reba McEntire U.S. 70s-10s Country 41
Bob Seger U.S. 60s-00s Rock 41
36 Prince U.S. 70s-10s R&B / Rock / Funk 39.5
37 Chicago U.S. 60s-00s Pop / Rock 38.5
Simon and Garfunkel U.S. 60s-70s Folk / Pop 38.5
2Pac U.S. 90s Hip-Hop/Rap 38.5
40 Foreigner U.S./UK 70s-10s Rock 37.5
41 Rod Stewart UK 60s-10s Pop / Rock 37
Bob Dylan U.S. 60s-10s Folk / Rock 37
Backstreet Boys U.S. 90s-10s Pop / Dance 37
44 Tim McGraw U.S. 90s-10s Country 36.5
45 Def Leppard UK 70s-00s Hard rock / Heavy Metal 35
Willie Nelson U.S. 50s-10s Country 35
Eminem U.S. 90s-10s Hip-Hop/Rap 35
Bon Jovi U.S. 80s-10s Hard Rock / Glam Metal 35
49 Phil Collins UK 70s-10s Pop / R&B 33.5
R. Kelly U.S. 90s-10s R&B / Soul 33.5
51 Britney Spears U.S. 90s-10s Pop / Dance 33
James Taylor U.S. 60s-10s Folk / Pop 33
John Denver U.S. 60s-90s Pop / Country 33
54 The Doors U.S. 60s-70s Rock / Psychedelic Rock 32.5
Queen UK 70s-00s Pop rock / Hard rock 32.5
56 Dave Matthews Band U.S. 90s-10s Rock 32
57 Pearl Jam U.S. 90s-00s Grunge / Alternative rock 31.5
58 Boston U.S. 70s-00s Rock / Hard rock 31
59 Dixie Chicks U.S. 80s-00s Pop country 30.5
60 Linda Ronstadt U.S. 60s-00s Rock/ Pop 30
61 Julio Iglesias Spain 70s-10s Latin 29.5
62 Tom Petty U.S. 70s-10s Rock 29
63 Ozzy Osbourne UK 60s-10s Hard Rock / Heavy metal 28.75
64 Mannheim Steamroller U.S. 70s-10s New Age / Christmas 28.5
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers U.S. 70s-10s Rock 28.5
66 'N Sync U.S. 90s-00s Pop 28
Michael Bolton U.S. 80s-10s Pop 28
Lynyrd Skynyrd U.S. 60s-00s Southern rock 28
69 John Mellencamp U.S. 70s-10s Rock 27.5
Brooks & Dunn U.S. 90s-00s Country 27.5
Barry Manilow U.S. 70s-10s Pop 27.5
72 Boyz II Men U.S. 90s-00s R&B 27
Frank Sinatra U.S. 30s-90s Traditional pop 27
Jay-Z U.S. 80s-10s Hip-Hop/Rap 27
75 Enya Ireland 80s-00s New Age / Celtic 26.5
76 Janet Jackson U.S. 80s-10s R&B / Pop 26
Creedence Clearwater Revival U.S. 60s-70s Country / Rock 26
Bee Gees UK/Australia 60s-00s Pop/ Disco 26
79 Faith Hill U.S. 90s-00s Country 25.5
80 Rush Canada 70s-10s Hard rock / Progressive rock 25
Nirvana U.S. 80s-90s Grunge / Alternative rock 25
ZZ Top U.S. 70s-00s Rock / Blues rock / Hard rock 25
Luther Vandross U.S. 60s-00s R&B 25
Creed U.S. 90s-00s Post-grunge / Hard rock 25
85 The Carpenters U.S. 60s-80s Pop 24.5
Steve Miller Band U.S. 60s-10s Rock 24.5
Kenny Chesney U.S. 90s-10s Country 24.5
88 Toby Keith U.S. 90s-10s Country 24
Vince Gill U.S. 70s-00s Country 24
90 Earth, Wind & Fire U.S. 70s-10s Funk / R&B / Disco 23.5
The Cars U.S. 70s-10s Rock / New wave 23.5
Mötley Crüe U.S. 80s-00s Hard rock / Heavy Metal 23.5
Sade UK 80s-10s R&B / Pop 23.5
94 Green Day U.S. 80s-10s Pop Punk / Alternative Rock 23
Jimmy Buffett U.S. 60s-10s Rock / Pop / Country 23
Kid Rock U.S. 90s-10s Rock / Rap / Country 23
97 The Police UK 70s-80s Pop / New wave 22.5
Jimi Hendrix U.S. 60s-70s Psychedelic rock 22.5
Usher U.S. 90s-10s R&B / Pop 22.5
Heart U.S. 70s-10s Rock 22.5

Sunday, November 20, 2011

Music industry organizations

  • Academy of Country Music aka ACM
  • Alliance of Artists and Recording Companies aka AARC
  • American Association of Independent Music aka A2IM
  • American Federation of Musicians aka AFM
  • American Federation of Television and Radio Artists aka AFTRA
  • American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers aka ASCAP
  • Asosiasi Industri Rekaman Indonesia aka ASIRI
  • Association of Independent Music aka AIM
  • Australian Recording Industry Association aka ARIA
  • Billboard Magazine, known for the Billboard Hot 100
  • British Phonographic Industry (BPI)
  • Broadcast Music Incorporated aka BMI
  • Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA)
  • Country Music Association
  • Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI)
  • Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) in Germany
  • Harry Fox Agency (for-profit branch of the NMPA)
  • Indian Music Industry (IMI)
  • International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI)
  • Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA)
  • Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (LARAS)
  • Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society (MCPS)
  • Musicians' Union
  • National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS)
  • National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM)
  • National Music Publishers Association (NMPA)
  • Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI)
  • PRS for Music
  • Recording Artists' Coalition aka RAC
  • Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
  • Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)
  • Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ)
  • Recording Industry of South Africa (RISA)
  • Society of European Stage Authors & Composers (SESAC)
  • SoundExchange

History

18th Century

Until the 18th century, the processes of formal composition and of the printing of music took place for the most part with the support of patronage from aristocracies and churches. In the mid-to-late 18th century, performers and composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began to seek commercial opportunities to market their music and performances to the general public. After Mozart's death, his wife (Constanze Weber) continued the process of commercialization of his music through an unprecedented series of memorial concerts, selling his manuscripts, and collaborating with her second husband, Georg Nissen, on a biography of Mozart.

19th Century

In the 19th century, sheet-music publishers dominated the music industry. In the United States, the music industry arose in tandem with the rise of blackface minstrelsy. In the late part of the century the group of music publishers and songwriters which dominated popular music in the United States became known as Tin Pan Alley.

20th Century

At the dawn of the early 20th century, the recording of sound began to function as a disruptive technology in music markets. With the invention of the phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison in 1877, and the onset of widespread radio communications, the way music is heard was changed forever. Opera houses, concert halls, and clubs continued to produce music and perform live, but the power of radio allowed obscure bands to become popular on a nationwide and sometimes worldwide scale.
The "record industry" eventually replaced the sheet music publishers as the industry's largest force. A multitude of record labels came and went. Some note-worthy labels of the earlier decades include the Columbia Records, Crystalate, Decca Records, Edison Bell, The Gramophone Company, Invicta, Kalliope, Pathé, Victor Talking Machine Company and many others.


Many record companies died out as quickly as they had formed, and by the end of the 1980s, the "Big 6" — EMI, CBS, BMG, PolyGram, WEA and MCA — dominated the industry. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987 and changed its name to Sony Music in 1991. In mid-1998, PolyGram merged into Universal Music Group (formerly MCA), dropping the leaders down to a "Big 5".

Genre-wise, music entrepreneurs expanded their industry models into areas like folk music, in which composition and performance had continued for centuries on an ad hoc self-supporting basis. Forming an independent record label, or "indie" label, continues to be a popular choice for up-and-coming musicians to have their music heard, despite the financial backing associated with major labels.

21st Century

In the 21st century, consumers spent less money on recorded music than they had in 1990s, in all formats. Total revenues for CDs, vinyl, cassettes and digital downloads in the world dropped 25% from $38.6 billion in 1999 to $27.5 billion in 2008 according to IFPI. Same revenues in the U.S. dropped from a high of $14.6 billion in 1999 to $10.4 billion in 2008. The Economist and The New York Times report that the downward trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future —Forrester Research predicts that by 2013, revenues in USA may reach as low as $9.2 billion. This dramatic decline in revenue has caused large-scale layoffs inside the industry, driven retailers (such as Tower Records) out of business and forced record companies, record producers, studios, recording engineers and musicians to seek new business models.


The "Big 5" major record companies became the "Big 4" in 2004 when Sony acquired BMG, and the "Big 3" when EMI was acquired by Universal in 2011.
In the early years of the decade, the record industry took aggressive action against illegal file sharing. In 2001 it succeeded in shutting down Napster (the leading on-line source of digital music), and it has threatened thousands of individuals with legal action. This failed to slow the decline in revenue and proved a public-relations disaster. However, some academic studies have suggested that downloads did not cause the decline. Legal digital downloads became widely available with the debut of the iTunes Store in 2003. The popularity of internet music distribution has increased and in 2009 more than a quarter of all recorded music industry revenues worldwide are now coming from digital channels. However, as The Economist reports, "paid digital downloads grew rapidly, but did not begin to make up for the loss of revenue from CDs." The 2008 British Music Rights survey showed that 80% of people in Britain wanted a legal P2P service, however only half of the respondents thought that the music's creators should be paid. The survey was consistent with the results of earlier research conducted in the United States, upon which the Open Music Model was based.According to Nielson Soundscan, by 2009 CDs accounted for 79 percent of album sales, with 20 percent coming from digital, representing both a 10 percent drop and gain for both formats in 2 years.

The turmoil in the recorded music industry changed the twentieth-century balance between artists, record companies, promoters, retail music-stores and the consumer. As of 2010, big-box stores such as Wal-Mart and Best Buy sell more records than music-only stores, which have ceased to function as a player in the industry. Recording artists now rely on live performance and merchandise for the majority of their income, which in turn has made them more dependent on music promoters like Live Nation (which dominates tour promotion and owns a large number of music venues.) In order to benefit from all of an artist's income streams, record companies increasingly rely on the "360 deal", a new business-relationship pioneered by Robbie Williams and EMI in 2007. At the other extreme, record companies can offer a simple manufacturing and distribution deal, which gives a higher percentage to the artist, but does not cover the expense of marketing and promotion. Many newer artists no longer see any kind of "record deal" as an integral part of their business plan at all. Inexpensive recording hardware and software made it possible to record reasonable quality music in a bedroom and distribute it over the internet to a worldwide audience. This, in turn, caused problems for recording studios, record producers and audio engineers: the Los Angeles Times reports that as many as half of the recording facilities in that city have failed. Changes in the music industry have given consumers access to a wider variety of music than ever before, at a price that gradually approaches zero.However, consumer spending on music-related software and hardware increased dramatically over the last decade, providing a valuable new income-stream for technology companies such as Apple Inc.

Statistics

Nielsen SoundScan reported that the big four accounted for 81.87% of the US music market in 2005:[21]
  • Universal Music Group (USA based) — 31.71%
  • Sony Music Entertainment (USA based) — 25.61%
  • Warner Music Group (USA based) — 15%
  • EMI Group (UK based) — 9.55%
  • Independent labels — 18.13%
and in 2004, 82.64%:
US music market shares, according to Nielsen SoundScan (2005)

  • Universal Music Group—29.59%
  • Sony Music Entertainment—28.46% (13.26% Sony, 15.20% BMG)
  • Warner Music Group—14.68%
  • EMI Group—9.91%
  • Independent labels—17.36%
World music market sales shares, according to IFPI (2005)
The global market was estimated at $30–40 billion in 2004. Total annual unit sales (CDs, music videos, MP3s) in 2004 were 3 billion.
According to an IFPI report published in August 2005, the big four accounted for 71.7% of retail music sales:
  • Universal Music Group—25.5%
  • Sony Music Entertainment—21.5%
  • EMI Group—13.4%
  • Warner Music Group—11.3%
  • Independent labels—28.3%
Prior to December 1998, the industry was dominated by the "Big Six": Sony Music and BMG had not yet merged, and PolyGram had not yet been absorbed into Universal Music Group. After the PolyGram-Universal merger, the 1998 market shares reflected a "Big Five", commanding 77.4% of the market, as follows, according to MEI World Report 2000:
  • Universal Music Group — 28.8%
  • Sony Music Entertainment — 21.1%
  • EMI — 14.1%
  • Warner Music Group — 13.4%
  • Independent labels — 22.6%
Note: the IFPI and Nielsen Soundscan use different methodologies, which makes their figures difficult to compare casually, and impossible to compare scientifically.

Total value by country

Total music market 2003.png
According to the IFPI more than 95% of the total revenue from music in 2003 was derived from the 30 major countries in the proportions shown above, organized roughly by geographic location. In the industry, it is commonly accepted that the three major music markets are the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom.

Albums sales and market value

The following table shows album sales and market value in the world in the 1990s–2000s.
# Country Album Sales Share Share of World Market Value
1 USA 37–40% 30–35%
2 Japan 9–12% 16–19%
3 UK 7–9% 6.4–9.1%
4 Germany 7–8% 5.3–6.4%
5 France 4.5–5.5% 5.4–6.3%
6 Canada 2.6–3.3% 1.9–2.8%
7 Australia 1.5–1.8% 1.5–2.0%
8 Brazil 2.0–3.8% 1.1–3.1%
9 Italy 1.7–2.0% 1.5–2.0%
10 Spain 1.7–2.3% 1.4–1.8%
11 Netherlands 1.2–1.8% 1.3–1.8%
12 Mexico 2.1–4.6% 0.8–1.8%
13 Belgium 0.7–0.8% 0.8–1.2%
14 Switzerland 0.75–0.9% 0.8–1.1%
15 Austria 0.5–0.7% 0.8–1.0%
17 Russia 2.0–2.9% 0.5–1.4%
18 Taiwan 0.9–1.6% 0.5–1.1%
19 Argentina 0.5–0.7% 0.5–1.0%
20 Denmark 0.45–0.65% 0.5–0.8%

Singles sales

Physical single sales in the world in the 1990s–2000s and digital single sales in 2005.
# Country Physical Sales Share Digital Sales Share in 2005

EU 34–50% 13.2%
1 UK 26–32% 1.7%
2 Japan 4–25% 85%
3 USA 14.5–16% 6.3%
4 Germany 9–12% 5%
5 France 4–12.5% 1.9%
6 Australia 1.8–4.6% 0.48%
7 Netherlands 1.3–1.7% < 0.2%
8 Belgium 0.8-1.8% < 0.2%
9 Sweden 0.6-0.96% < 0.2%
10 Switzerland 0.5-0.92% < 0.2%
11 Austria 0.58-0.82% < 0.2%
12 Italy 0.3-1.0% < 0.2%
13 Spain 0.3-0.7% < 0.2%
14 Norway 0.3-0.47% < 0.2%
15 Ireland 0.2-0.5% < 0.2%
16 Canada 0.1-0.6% < 0.2%
17 Portugal 0.01-1.0% < 0.2%
18 Republic of Korea 0.02-0.45% < 0.1%
19 New Zealand 0.19-0.29% < 0.1%
20 Denmark 0.10-0.25% < 0.1%

Recorded music retail sales

Interim physical retail sales in 2005 - all figures in millions.
Approximately 21% of the gross CD revenue numbers in 2003 can be attributed to used CD sales growing to approximately 27% in 2007 (the growth is attributed to increasing on-line sales of used product by outlets such as Amazon.com, the growth of used music media is expected to continue to grow as the cost of digital downloads continues to rise.)
COUNTRY UNITS VALUE CHANGE
Singles CD DVD Total Units $US Local Currency Units Value
1 USA 14.7 300.5 11.6 326.8 4783.2 4783.2 −5.70% −5.30%
2 Japan 28.5 93.7 8.5 113.5 2258.2 239759 −6.90% −9.20%
3 UK 24.3 66.8 2.9 74.8 1248.5 666.7 −1.70% −4.00%
4 Germany 8.5 58.7 4.4 71 887.7 689.7 −7.70% −5.80%
5 France 11.5 47.3 4.5 56.9 861.1 669.1 7.50% −2.70%
6 Italy 0.5 14.7 0.7 17 278 216 −8.40% −12.30%
7 Canada 0.1 20.8 1.5 22.3 262.9 325 0.70% −4.60%
8 Australia 3.6 14.5 1.5 17.2 259.6 335.9 −22.90% −11.80%
9 India 10.9 55.3 239.6 11500 −19.20% −2.40%
10 Spain 1 17.5 1.1 19.1 231.6 180 −13.40% −15.70%
11 Netherlands 1.2 8.7 1.9 11.1 190.3 147.9 −31.30% −19.80%
12 Russia 25.5 0.1 42.7 187.9 5234.7 −9.40% 21.20%
13 Mexico 0.1 33.4 0.8 34.6 187.9 2082.3 44.00% 21.50%
14 Brazil 0.01 17.6 2.4 24 151.7 390.3 −20.40% −16.50%
15 Austria 0.6 4.5 0.2 5 120.5 93.6 −1.50% −9.60%
16 Switzerland ** 0.8 7.1 0.2 7.8 115.8 139.2 n/a n/a
17 Belgium 1.4 6.7 0.5 7.7 115.4 89.7 −13.80% −8.90%
18 Norway 0.3 4.5 0.1 4.8 103.4 655.6 −19.70% −10.40%
19 Sweden 0.6 6.6 0.2 7.2 98.5 701.1 −29.00% −20.30%
20 Denmark 0.1 4 0.1 4.2 73.1 423.5 3.70% −4.20%

Top 20 74.5 757.1 42.8 915.2 12378.7
−6.60% −6.30%
In its June 30, 2000 annual report filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Seagram reported that Universal Music Group made 40% of the worldwide classical music sales over the preceding year.